Medical term:

PhosLo


calcium

 (Ca) [kal´se-um]
a chemical element, atomic number 20, atomic weight 40.08. (See Appendix 6.) Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. In combination with phosphorus it forms calcium phosphate, the dense, hard material of the bones and teeth. It is an important cation in intracellular and extracellular fluid and is essential to the normal clotting of blood, the maintenance of a normal heartbeat, and the initiation of neuromuscular and metabolic activities.

Within the body fluids calcium exists in three forms. Protein-bound calcium accounts for about 47 per cent of the calcium in plasma; most of it in this form is bound to albumin. Another 47 per cent of plasma calcium is ionized. About 6 per cent is complexed with phosphate, citrate, and other anions.

Ionized calcium is physiologically active. One of its most important physiological functions is control of the permeability of cell membranes. Parathyroid hormone, which causes transfer of exchangeable calcium from bone into the blood stream, maintains calcium homeostasis by preventing either calcium deficit or excess.

Hypercalcemia: This is when the level of serum calcium rises above normal; neuromuscular activity begins to diminish. Symptoms include lethargy, muscle weakness (which, as the level of calcium increases, can progress to depressed reflexes and hypotonic muscles), constipation, mental confusion, and coma. The heartbeat also slows, which potentiates the effects of digitalis.

Hypocalcemia: This is a serum level of calcium that is below normal; it is manifested by increased neuromuscular irritability. When there is a deficit of ionized calcium, the nerve cells become more permeable, allowing leakage of sodium and potassium from the cells. This produces excitation of the nerve fibers and triggers uncontrollable activity of the skeletal muscles. Hence, as the calcium level continues to drop, the patient begins to experience muscle twitching and cramping, grimacing, and carpopedal spasm, which can quickly progress to tetany, laryngospasm, convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, and eventually to respiratory and cardiac arrest. Relatively early signs of hypocalcemia are a positive trousseau's sign and a positive chvostek's sign.

Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products (such as milk and cheese), soybeans, fortified orange juice, dark green leafy vegetables (such as mustard greens and broccoli), sardines, clams, and oysters. The recommended dietary allowance of calcium for children aged 4 to 8 is 800 mg, and that for women aged 50 to 70 is 1200 mg. (See tables in the Appendices for recommended dietary allowances across the life span.) It is difficult to meet these requirements without including milk or milk products in the daily diet. The most familiar calcium deficiency disease is rickets, in which the bones and teeth soften. However, it is believed that a large number of people suffer from subclinical calcium deficiency because of poor eating habits. Since calcium is essential to the formation and maintenance of strong bones, an adequate intake is important in the prevention of osteoporosis.
calcium acetate the calcium salt of acetic acid; administered orally as a source of calcium and as a phosphate binder, such as in patients with end-stage renal disease. Also used as a pharmaceutical buffering agent.
calcium carbonate an insoluble salt occurring naturally in bone, shells, and chalk; used as an antacid, calcium supplement, and phosphate binder, and for treatment of osteoporosis.
calcium channel blocker (calcium channel blocking agent) a drug such as nifedipine, diltiazem, or verapamil that selectively blocks the influx of calcium ions through a calcium channel of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle cells; used in the treatment of Prinzmetal's angina, chronic stable angina, and cardiac arrhythmias. Calcium channel blocking agents act to control arrhythmias by slowing the rate of sinoatrial node discharge and the conduction velocity through the atrioventricular node. They act in vasospastic angina to relax and prevent coronary artery spasm. The mechanism of action in classical angina is a lowering of myocardial oxygen utilization by dilating peripheral arteries and thereby reducing total peripheral resistance and the work of the heart.
 Physiologic activity of calcium channel blockers. (Data from Hardman J. and Limbird L., editors: Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed., New York, McGraw-Hill, 1996; and the National Institutes of Health: The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, NIH Pub. No. 98-4080, Washington, DC, GPO, 1998.) From Edmunds and Mayhew, 2000.
calcium chloride a salt used in solution to restore electrolyte balance, treat hypocalcemia, and act as a treatment adjunct in cardiac arrest and in magnesium poisoning.
calcium citrate a salt used as a calcium replenisher; also used in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in renal osteodystrophy.
calcium glubionate a calcium replenisher, used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypocalcemia; administered orally.
calcium gluceptate a calcium salt administered intramuscularly or intravenously in the prevention and treatment of hypocalcemia and as an electrolyte replenisher.
calcium gluconate a calcium salt administered intravenously or orally in the treatment and prevention of hypercalcemia and as a nutritional supplement. It is also administered by injection as a treatment adjunct in cardiac arrest and in the treatment of hyperkalemia.
calcium hydroxide an astringent compound used topically in solution or lotions.
calcium lactate a calcium replenisher, administered orally in the treatment and prevention of hypocalcemia and as a nutritional supplement.
calcium oxalate a salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate urinary calculi.
calcium oxide lime (def. 1).
calcium pantothenate a calcium salt of the dextrorotatory isomer of the B vitamin pantothenic acid; used as a nutritional supplement. It is also available as racemic calcium pantothenate, which is a mixture of the dextrorotatory and levorotatory isomeric forms.
calcium phosphate a salt containing calcium and the phosphate radical; dibasic and tribasic calcium phosphate are used as sources of calcium.
calcium polycarbophil a hydrophilic agent used as a bulk laxative.
calcium propionate a salt used as an antifungal preservative in foods and as a topical antifungal agent.
calcium pyrophosphate the pyrophosphate salt of calcium, used as a polishing agent in dentifrices. Crystals of the dihydrate form occur in the joints in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease.
calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease an acute or chronic inflammatory arthropathy caused by deposition of crystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate in the joints and synovial fluid and chondrocalcinosis. Clinically, it may resemble numerous other connective tissue diseases such as arthritis and gout, or it may be asymptomatic. Acute attacks are sometimes called pseudogout.
calcium sulfate a compound of calcium and sulfate, occurring as gypsum or as plaster of paris.
Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

calcium acetate

Phos-Ex (UK), PhosLo, PhosLo Gelcap

calcium carbonate

Adcal (UK), Alka-Mints, Cacit (UK), Calcarb 600, Calci-Chew, Calci-Mix, Caltrate 600, Children's Pepto Chooz, Florical, Maalox Regular Chewable, Mylanta Children's, Nephro-Calci, Nu-Cal (CA), Os-Cal, Os-Cal 500, Oysco, Oyst-Cal 500, Oystercal 500, Rapeze (UK), Remegel (UK), Rennie Soft Chews (UK), Rolaids Calcium Rich, SeapCal (UK), Setlers (UK), Tums, Tums E-X, Tums Ultra

calcium chloride

Calciject (CA), Cal-San (CA), Cal-500 (CA) Calcarea (CA), Calciforte (CA), Cal Supp (CA)

calcium citrate

Cal-C-Caps, Cal-CEE

calcium gluconate


calcium lactate


tricalcium phosphate

Posture

Pharmacologic class: Mineral

Therapeutic class: Dietary supplement, electrolyte replacement agent

Pregnancy risk category C (calcium acetate, chloride, glubionate, gluceptate, phosphate), NR (calcium carbonate, citrate, gluconate, lactate)

Action

Increases serum calcium level through direct effects on bone, kidney, and GI tract. Decreases osteoclastic osteolysis by reducing mineral release and collagen breakdown in bone.

Availability

Calcium acetate-

Gelcaps: 667 mg

Tablets: 667 mg

Calcium carbonate-

Capsules: 1,250 mg

Lozenges: 600 mg

Oral suspension: 1,250 mg

Powder: 6.5 g

Tablets: 650 mg, 1,250 mg, 1,500 mg

Tablets (chewable): 750 mg, 1,000 mg, 1,250 mg

Tablets (gum): 300 mg, 450 mg, 500 mg

Calcium chloride-

Injection: 10% solution

Calcium citrate-

Tablets: 950 mg

Calcium gluceptate-

Injection: 22% solution

Calcium gluconate-

Injection: 10% solution

Tablets: 500 mg, 650 mg, 975 mg

Calcium lactate-

Tablets: 325 mg, 650 mg

Tricalcium phosphate-

Tablets: 600 mg

Indications and dosages

➣ Hypocalcemic emergency

Adults: 7 to 14 mEq I.V. of 10% calcium gluconate solution, 2% to 10% calcium chloride solution, or 22% calcium gluceptate solution

Children: 1 to 7 mEq calcium gluconate I.V.

Infants: Up to 1 mEq calcium gluconate I.V.

➣ Hypocalcemic tetany

Adults: 4.5 to 16 mEq calcium gluconate I.V., repeated as indicated until tetany is controlled

Children: 0.5 to 0.7 mEq/kg calcium gluconate I.V. three to four times daily as indicated until tetany is controlled

Neonates: 2.4 mEq/kg calcium gluconate I.V. daily in divided doses

➣ Cardiac arrest

Adults: 0.027 to 0.054 mEq/kg calcium chloride I.V., 4.5 to 6.3 mEq calcium gluceptate I.V., or 2.3 to 3.7 mEq calcium gluconate I.V.

Children: 0.27 mEq/kg calcium chloride I.V., repeated in 10 minutes if needed. Check calcium level before giving additional doses.

➣ Magnesium intoxication

Adults: Initially, 7 mEq I.V.; subsequent dosages based on patient response

➣ Exchange transfusions

Adults: 1.35 mEq calcium gluconate I.V. with each 100 ml of citrated blood

➣ Hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease

Adults: Two tablets P.O. daily, given in divided doses t.i.d. with meals. May increase gradually to bring serum phosphate level below 6 mg/dl, provided hypercalcemia doesn't develop.

➣ Dietary supplement

Adults: 500 mg to 2 g P.O. daily

Off-label uses

• Osteoporosis

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to drug

• Ventricular fibrillation

• Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

• Cancer

• Renal calculi

• Pregnancy or breastfeeding

Precautions

Use cautiously in:

• renal insufficiency, pernicious anemia, heart disease, sarcoidosis, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism

• history of renal calculi

• children.

Administration

☞ When infusing I.V., don't exceed a rate of 200 mg/minute.

• Keep patient supine for 15 minutes after I.V. administration to prevent orthostatic hypotension.

• Administer P.O. doses 1 to 1½ hours after meals.

• Know that I.M. or subcutaneous administration is never recommended.

• Be aware that I.V. route is preferred in children.

• Be alert for extravasation, which causes tissue necrosis.

Adverse reactions

CNS: headache, weakness, dizziness, syncope, paresthesia

CV: mild blood pressure decrease, bradycardia, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest (with rapid I.V. injection)

GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, epigastric pain or discomfort

GU: urinary frequency, renal calculi

Metabolic: hypercalcemia

Musculoskeletal: joint pain, back pain

Respiratory: dyspnea

Skin: rash

Other: altered or chalky taste, excessive thirst, allergic reactions (including facial flushing, swelling, tingling, tenderness in hands, and anaphylaxis)

Interactions

Drug-drug. Atenolol, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline: decreased bioavailability of these drugs

Calcium channel blockers: decreased calcium effects

Cardiac glycosides: increased risk of cardiac glycoside toxicity

Iron salts: decreased iron absorption

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate: metabolic alkalosis

Verapamil: reversal of verapamil effects

Drug-diagnostic tests. Calcium: increased level

Drug-food. Foods containing oxalic acid (such as spinach), phytic acid (such as whole grain cereal), or phosphorus (such as dairy products): interference with calcium absorption

Patient monitoring

• Monitor calcium levels frequently, especially in elderly patients.

Patient teaching

• Instruct patient to consume plenty of milk and dairy products during therapy.

• Refer patient to dietitian for help in meal planning and preparation.

• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, and foods mentioned above.

McGraw-Hill Nurse's Drug Handbook, 7th Ed. Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

calcium acetate

(kal-see-um ass -e-tate) ,

Eliphos

(trade name),

PhosLo

(trade name),

Phoslyra

(trade name)

Classification

Therapeutic: mineral electrolyte replacements supplements
Pregnancy Category: C

Indications

Control of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease.

Action

Binds to dietary phosphate to form an insoluble calcium phosphate complex, which is excreted in the feces, resulting in decreased serum phosphorus concentrations.

Therapeutic effects

Control of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease without promoting aluminum absorption.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Absorption from the GI tract requires vitamin D; 30–40% bioavailability.
Distribution: Readily enters extracellular fluid. Crosses the placenta and enters breast milk.
Metabolism and Excretion: Excreted mostly in the feces; 20% eliminated by the kidneys.
Half-life: Unknown.

Time/action profile (effects on serum calcium)

ROUTEONSETPEAKDURATION
POunknownunknownunknown

Contraindications/Precautions

Contraindicated in: Hypercalcemia; Renal calculi; Ventricular fibrillation; Concurrent use of calcium supplements.
Use Cautiously in: Patients receiving digitalis glycosides; Severe respiratory insufficiency; Renal disease; Cardiac disease; Obstetric: Hypercalcemia may ↑ risk of maternal and fetal complications; Lactation: Breastfeeding not expected to harm infant provided that serum calcium levels monitored.

Adverse Reactions/Side Effects

Central nervous system

  • headache
  • tingling

Cardiovascular

  • arrhythmias (most frequent)
  • bradycardia

Fluid and Electrolyte

  • hypercalcemia (most frequent)

Gastrointestinal

  • constipation (most frequent)
  • diarrhea (oral solution only)
  • nausea
  • vomiting

Genitourinary

  • calculi
  • hypercalciuria

Interactions

Drug-Drug interaction

Hypercalcemia ↑ risk of digoxin toxicity.Chronic use with antacids in renal insufficiency may lead to milk-alkali syndrome.Calcium supplements, including calcium-containing antacids may ↑ risk of hypercalcemia; avoid concurrent use.May ↓ absorption of orally administered tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, phenytoin, and iron salts ; take 1 hr before or 3 hr after calcium acetate.Excessive amounts may ↓ effects of calcium channel blockers.↓ absorption of etidronate and risedronate (do not take within 2 hr of calcium acetate).May ↓ effectiveness of atenolol.Concurrent use with diuretics (thiazide) may result in hypercalcemia.May ↓ ability of sodium polystyrene sulfonate to ↓ serum potassium.Cereals, spinach, or rhubarb may ↓ absorption of calcium supplements.

Route/Dosage

1 gram of calcium acetate contains 250 mg elemental calcium (12.7 mEq calcium). Doses are expressed in mg calcium acetate
Oral (Adults) Hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease—1334 mg with each meal, may ↑ gradually (in absence of hypercalcemia) to achieve target serum phosphate levels (usual dose = 2001–2668 mg with each meal).

Availability (generic available)

Gelcaps: 667 mg (169 mg elemental Ca)
Tablets: 667 mg (169 mg elemental Ca)
Oral solution: 667 mg (169 mg elemental Ca)/5 mL

Nursing implications

Nursing assessment

  • .
  • Monitor patient on digitalis glycosides for signs of toxicity.
  • Lab Test Considerations: Monitor serum calcium twice weekly during adjustment phase. If serum calcium level is >12 mg/dL, discontinue therapy and start hemodialysis as needed; lower dose or temporarily stop therapy for calcium level between 10.5 to 11.9 mg/dL.
    • Monitor serum phosphate levels to determine efficacy.

Potential Nursing Diagnoses

Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements (Indications)

Implementation

  • Oral: Administer on an empty stomach before meals to optimize effectiveness in patients with hyperphosphatemia.

Patient/Family Teaching

  • Instruct patients on a regular schedule to take missed doses as soon as possible, then go back to regular schedule.
  • Advise patient to notify health care professional promptly if signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia (constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, confusion, stupor) occur.
    • Advise patient to avoid taking calcium-containing supplements, including calcium-based antacids during therapy.

Evaluation/Desired Outcomes

  • Control of hyperphosphatemia in patients with renal failure.
Drug Guide, © 2015 Farlex and Partners

calcium acetate

An agent which is used to lower serum phosphate levels in patients with hyperphosphataemia; in patients with end-stage renal disease; neutralise fluoride in fluoridated water; and as a food additive, in which it acts as a stabiliser, buffer and sequestrant.
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved.

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